Singapore first attained internal self-government from the United Kingdom in 1959, although Britain retained control over external affairs and defence. In 1963, the Proclamation of Malaysia created a new federation comprising the Federation of Malaya, North Borneo (Sabah), Sarawak, and Singapore. At that time, Singapore became an autonomous state within Malaysia.
Under the arrangement, Singapore was allowed a high degree of self-governance, while the federal government in Malaysia controlled defence and foreign policy. However, the relationship was strained. Financial disagreements, political tensions, and questions over representation in the Malaysian Parliament created conflict. Critics also argued that the terms limited Singapore’s autonomy too heavily.
As tensions escalated, Singapore separated from Malaysia in 1965. The Independence of Singapore Agreement formally established Singapore as a fully sovereign and independent nation.
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